Unpacking the optimistic mindset of business students towards entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial ventures are established in large numbers in China. The success rate of these entrepreneurial ventures is lower than that of new startups. Mismanagement and a lack of creative skills among entrepreneurs are cited as reasons for entrepreneurial failure in China. The current study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism serving as moderators. 483 responses were collected from business students in China for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with the moderating role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism, is significant. The theoretical framework of this research has novelty as it introduces new moderating relationships of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism in the model of entrepreneurial success. Practically, this study has revealed that entrepreneurial success can be achieved with entrepreneurial networking, entrepreneurial optimism, psychological capital, and new venture intention. The directions of this research point out additional gaps in the literature that scholars should discuss in subsequent studies.


Introduction
Modern economies are supported by entrepreneurial ventures in the market [1].Entrepreneurial businesses are critically important for society (to provide jobs) and economically (to help with economic stability).The new business management can be effectively managed by the qualified employees [2].Gao, Li [3] reported that business performance is attractive when sustainability is achieved.Baluku, Onderi [4] pointed out that entrepreneurial ventures in China are increasing, but many have failed to operationalize businesses in the market.Tang, Baron [5] reported that new business development is possible with an attractive marketing campaign, but psychological capital is necessary.The students without entrepreneurial networking in China are less motivated to start their business due to fear of loss [6].Liao and Cheng [7] concluded that entrepreneurial networking has a significant influence on the performance of businesses.Meanwhile, Hussain and Norashidah [8] pointed out that the competitive market of China is not attractive for students when they pay little attention to performing their business activities.Khooharo [9] pointed out that entrepreneurial businesses in China are developing over time to support the economy and the public's needs.However, the success rate of newly established entrepreneurial ventures in China is not attractive according to the changing market dynamics.
Entrepreneurial networking has become necessary as the students at Harvard University are networking and getting entrepreneurial support for their business development [10].Pathak and Joshi [11] reported that entrepreneurial networking is a successful way to understand the market and develop relationships in the market for business success.Gro ¨zinger, Wolff [12] pointed out that Chinese students have fewer entrepreneurial networking facilities for appropriate market business performance.Zhang, Raza [13] asserted that entrepreneurial optimism significantly influences venture success that is recently developed in the market and works on the modern pattern of business development.Lyu, Tang [14] reported that entrepreneurial optimism is a human trait that can be influenced by external motivation but is widely supported by the psychological capital of entrepreneurs.De Hoe and Janssen [15] concluded that the new venture intention is necessary for business development.Choi, Kim [16] concluded that Chinese students have a strong new venture intention to start their own business.Yasmin, Mehmood [17] added that Chinese business students intend to venture but are less financially supported by their parents.Successful Chinese ventures are developed based on the psychological capital of the business owners that is attractive for performance in the competitive market of China [18].The study in the context of Ghana conducted by Sallah and Caesar [19] highlighted social competence as a significant factor in improving women's businesses.On the other hand, the above study also highlighted that social, human, and reputational capital significantly contributed to the growth of women's businesses.However, in the context of the Chinese market, such studies are scarce.
Arshi, Islam [20] concluded that new Chinese businesses are successful because of financial support.So ¨nmez [21] also concluded that the parent's investment in the business had led Chinese entrepreneurial businesses to success.Similarly, the existing literature has discussed the significance of Chinese entrepreneurial businesses and the role of business performance in Chinese economic growth.Sabila and Febriansyah [22] pointed out that Chinese firms must be managed effectively for appropriate business development, which is critical for business success in the market.Al-Ghazali, Sohail [23] also reported that Chinese businesses are less attractive to the market when there is nothing new in the product or the quality of service.Randolph, Memili [24] discussed the psychological capital needed for successful ventures in the corporate sector.Also, Joseph and Donald [25] discussed entrepreneurial optimism for better business development in the market.Aderibigbe [26] asserted that business performance can be successful when teamwork is enhanced.Meanwhile, Sana, Alkhalaf [27] reported that the entrepreneurial intentions of students can be influenced by their personality traits.On the other hand, Pirhadi, Soleimanof [28] demonstrated that the entrepreneurial alertness of the students is based on their character and development.Hence, this study has considered and addressed that gap with theoretical and practical implications.The objective of the current research is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with a moderating role for psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism.
Significantly, this research is grounded to address the gap because the literature did not discuss the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism serving as moderators.To the best knowledge of researchers, the findings of existing studies do not discuss these relationships.The theoretical implications of this research are essential to highlighting how entrepreneurial success is possible with entrepreneurial networking, entrepreneurial optimism, new venture intention, and psychological capital.Earlier research did not consider the relationships introduced by this research in the body of knowledge.Practically, this research is significant as it highlights the critical role of entrepreneurial networking for entrepreneurial success for Chinese students.Similarly, this research highlighted the moderating role of psychological capital that can be influenced by external motivation for entrepreneurial success in new ventures.The existing studies in the body of knowledge have paid little attention to entrepreneurial networking for the students.This issue of entrepreneurial networking is necessary to be addressed to motivate students for entrepreneurship.Therefore, this research work is a novel and new contribution to literature, as the current study seeks to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, particularly from the perspective of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism, by considering these factors as moderators.This contribution will highlight the relationships between entrepreneurial networking, new venture intention, and entrepreneurial success in China and address the inconsistencies in the literature.The findings of this study can be generalised, and students from any country can develop a successful entrepreneurial business with new venture intention, entrepreneurial networking, and optimism.This research has a few limitations that future studies can wisely address to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial success for establishing new ventures by Chinese students.
This research is divided into a few significant sub-sections.It includes a review of the literature for the development of hypotheses, an explanation of the methodology, and then the findings of the study.Furthermore, the discussion based on research results is also included in it.Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the theoretical and practical implications based on the results of this research.Future directions based on the results of this research are also presented in the conclusion section.

Entrepreneurial networking
Entrepreneurial networking refers to developing relationships with other people and ventures to get the latest information for enhancing the performance of the business [29].Entrepreneurial networking is widely used for information sharing and enhancing the capacity for learning to develop new products and services to introduce in the market [30].In modern organizations, entrepreneurial networking is necessary as it facilitates the collection of related information to share on the design forum, which is essential for the better development of business [31].Entrepreneurs involved in networking to improve their strategies for business ventures are more successful than firms with less focus on networking [32].Networking facilitates sharing information and getting the latest information about the changing market.Networking is a better opportunity to develop a venture into a new market by understanding the consumers in detail [33].Furthermore, the logistics and recruitment costs can be minimized if the firms are working on entrepreneurial networking to increase their business performance [34].Moreover, entrepreneurial networking strategically facilitates any business when the venture avails itself of the right opportunity to perform business activities.The contemporary market of China requires entrepreneurial networking for the establishment of a new business [35].

New venture intention
New venture intention refers to the involvement of people in starting a new business to develop business performance in the market [36].The new businesses are necessary for economic growth as job opportunities are also created by the new businesses [1].Individuals with new business intentions are more social, as they want to facilitate the market and people with new products and services to delight their needs.The intention of a new business can be turned into a new venture if the entrepreneurs are passionate and willing to work to perform well in the market [37].The new venture can have a selective target market that would benefit the venture by generating more profit and remaining compatible in the market [38].The establishment of new ventures can be achieved with business ideas, and these ideas can be developed when the novel idea generator is self-motivated to start a business and maintain it effectively [7].The intention of a new business can come true when the proper funds are available to start a venture and establish it in the market with competitive strategies [39].The new businesses are creating jobs and services that contribute to the economic growth of the country.

Psychological capital
Psychological capital refers to the intention of any strong and positive individual to perform any task [7].People with strong psychological capital (stress control, emotional intelligence, and a strong mind) can perform better in any situation [18,40,41].Psychological capital in business is critical as it facilitates learning and allows for tough decisions even in critical situations [10].Psychologically strong entrepreneurs are bold in their decision-making and avoid stereotypes about their business performance [42].Improvement in the interneural business is possible when the business is managed by people with psychological capital [26].Indeed, the modern market is challenging, and the entrepreneurs working in the modern market must perform well and take a bold decisions [14].Psychological capital is a trait that provides the capacity for decision-making that facilitates business performance [43].Psychological capital is the trait of rational people with emotional intelligence that helps them perform their business activities attractively [1].Indeed, the psychological capital of entrepreneurs is necessary to improve their business performance and facilitating attractive business decisions.CEOs with psychological capital are stronger in the market and can develop businesses strategically compared to the emotional CEOs of competitive businesses [7].

Entrepreneurial optimism
Entrepreneurial optimism is a trait that makes a business successful in the market [44].Entrepreneurs that are highly motivated to perform their tasks in the business environment are managing their business performance with optimism in an attractive way [45].Entrepreneurial ventures working in the market require entrepreneurial optimism as it is necessary to take decisions related to the business [37].Firms in any market face competition and other problems; however, deciding with optimism is a trait that helps businesses improve their performance with strategic decisions [46].Indeed, entrepreneurial businesses are established on novel ideas to target the market, but entrepreneurial optimism is critical to leading these businesses successfully.Business performance can be improved when the appropriate development of business is expected, and the optimism of entrepreneurs is useful in the right decision-making capacity for businesses [39].Moreover, the optimism of entrepreneurs is concerned with long-term goals that are critical to achieving when a new business is established in the market [47].The ventures can develop strong brand positioning in the market if their business performance is attractive and all decisions are taken wisely.Similarly, the business environment can be developed positively with entrepreneurial optimism.

Entrepreneurial success
Entrepreneurial success refers to achieving goals through an entrepreneurial venture established to develop a position in the market [45,48].Entrepreneurial success is possible when the employees of ventures work in a better way to achieve the jointly established goals of the businesses [45,49].Successful business performance is necessary to take decisions that provide a better opportunity in the market and lead the business in a competitive direction [46].Entrepreneurial success is key to developing a business in an attractive way for leading its performance and improving the quality of its products and services to develop strong brand positioning in the market.Entrepreneurial success is possible when the CEO and the team take an optimistic approach to developing the business.Entrepreneurship that is led by optimistic management is working better in the market due to the right decision-making and risk-taking abilities [7,50].The psychological capital of businessmen is necessary for establishing a business in an attractive way for appropriate business development [47].Likewise, entrepreneurial success is possible with the intention of starting new businesses and the establishment of a strong competitor in the market [39].Indeed, business performance is not a challenge, but the people associated with businesses should have strong decision-making and market trend analytical capacities [37,51].

Hypotheses development
Galkina and Jack [29] demonstrated that interneural networking is a business development process in the market.Shahid [30] emphasized that social entrepreneurial networking facilitates the management's ability to make the right decisions for the business in critical situations.Abu-Rumman, Al Shraah [31] concluded that the model of entrepreneurial networking is necessary for the growth of new startups in the market.Gaza, Brennecke [32] pointed out that entrepreneurial networking influenced by business management is necessary for the true performance of businesses.Tripopsakul, Mokkhamakkul [33] also concluded that social networking sites are critical to developing businesses with appropriate information sharing and are useful for entrepreneurial networking.Hussain, Nazir [34] concluded that the IT sector is influenced by entrepreneurial networking that has facilitated business operations in a competitive market.Falahat, Soto-Acosta [35] asserted that outstanding businesses are based on entrepreneurial networking, which is useful for developing business policies for appropriate business development.Chevalier, Calme ´ [37] emphasized the role of entrepreneurial networking to facilitate business decision-making and improve the business's quality.Liao and Cheng [7] concluded that interparental networking is critical to changing the traditional business model into a new model for the successful development of business performance in the market.The study by Ugwueze, Ike [52] reported that entrepreneurial networking helps to have further ideas that are critically important for the success of any business.Furthermore, the research by Stam and Elfring [53] highlighted that the entrepreneurial orientation is also critical for the successful development of new venture.Tajeddini, Martin [54] also pointed out the importance of entrepreneurial networking for developing entrepreneurial business in dynamic environment.
H1. Entrepreneurial networking has an impact on entrepreneurial success.
Welter and Scrimpshire [36] demonstrated that new venture intentions are a successful way to lead an entrepreneurial business successfully in the market.Wang, Cao [46] pointed out that Indian entrepreneurial businesses succeeded with the intention of achieving the target with intellectual capital in the market.Xu, Kellermanns [39] reported that entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurial intentions are associated with each other to improve business performance.Liu [55] concluded that the students in Ecuador had developed their businesses in an attractive way for better performance with strong entrepreneurial intentions.Yeşilkaya and Yıldız [47] also concluded that entrepreneurial intentions are necessary for successfully developing a venture and enhancing business performance.Yeşilkaya and Yıldız [47] reported that the management students at Kerala Technology University also have internal intentions to develop new ventures in the market and serve society.Casulli [56] concluded that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is critical for entrepreneurial business performance and is useful for establishing a new business.Juhdi [57] reported that females in developing countries are passionate about startups with entrepreneurial intentions to support the emerging economy.Digan, Kaur [58] asserted that women with entrepreneurial intentions and financial management skills are successful in their businesses.Meanwhile, Asadollahi, Karimpoor [59] concluded that a sustainable green intention is also necessary to manage entrepreneurial businesses for better business performance, and Tang, Maqbool [60] indicated that green initiatives lead towards the revival of the economy of the country.Furthermore, Anwar, Clauss [61] also highlighted that new venture performance is based on critical learning and entrepreneurial development of the students.However, the study by Wales, Covin [62] pointed out that entrepreneurial orientation is a significant factor for new business development.The research by Donbesuur, Boso [63] also reported that entrepreneurial orientation is a significant factor for new business development.
H2. New venture intention has an impact on entrepreneurial success.
According to Chen, Liu [18], psychological capital is useful for entrepreneurial success as it motivates people to perform their tasks attractively.Juhdi [57] concluded that risk-taking ability is useful for entrepreneurial business success when the management works with psychological capital for decision-making.Villanueva-Flores, Diaz-Fernandez [1] reported that young entrepreneurs must develop psychological capital and avoid emotionality to succeed in their startups.Rego, Marques [43] reported that the positive psychological capital of the students is essential for business performance as it attracts the market with successful business development.Lyu, Tang [14] concluded that the intention of self-employment, supported by entrepreneurial intention, can successfully develop the business.Aderibigbe [26] also concluded that the psychological capital of the people is useful for career development and strongly influences sustainable business performance.Lai, Hsieh [42] demonstrated that the entrepreneurial intention of college students can be modified when they have psychological capital and the psychological intention to perform the business.Ardelean [10] demonstrated that the risk-taking ability of entrepreneurs is influenced by their positive entrepreneurial intention, which is critically important for business performance in an attractive way.As Liao and Cheng [7] concluded, the psychological capital of entrepreneurs strongly influences the positioning of their businesses in the market.H3.Psychological capital has an impact on entrepreneurial success.
Falahat, Soto-Acosta [35] reported that entrepreneurial businesses succeed when the market is attractive and individuals with psychological capital work to improve their business performance.Amore, Garofalo [44] concluded that entrepreneurial networking can develop businesses effectively when the entrepreneurs are passionate about their performance.Chen, Elfenbein [45] demonstrated that entrepreneurial success can be achieved when the entrepreneurs are motivated and avoid a negative approach to operationalizing the business.Wang, Cao [46] concluded that management with less risk-taking ability negatively influences new entrepreneurial businesses.Yeşilkaya and Yıldız [47] reported that business performance can become attractive when entrepreneurs are highly motivated to perform their business.Liu [55] concluded that entrepreneurial networking for university students helps develop an effective business management plan.Yeşilkaya and Yıldız [47] reported that modern entrepreneurial ventures are established for the appropriate development of business and its strong positioning in the market.Casulli [56] concluded that psychological capital is critical for entrepreneurial businesses to develop an effective market for better business performance.According to Liu [55], entrepreneurial business success is possible with the right decision-making.Xu, Kellermanns [39] reported that networking among entrepreneurs and psychological capital play a significant role in better business positioning.Amore, Garofalo [44] concluded that entrepreneurial networking is possible with psychological capital for sustainable business development.
H4. Psychological capital moderates the impact of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success.
According to Villanueva-Flores, Diaz-Fernandez [1], the optimistic approach of entrepreneurs is necessary for starting a new business in the market.So ¨nmez [21] concluded that business management is necessary, but entrepreneurial optimism helps to manage the business positively with risk-taking ability in decision-making.Gao, Li [3] asserted that entrepreneurial performance is necessary for sustainable business development as it helps to grow the business attractively.Chevalier, Calme ´ [37] asserted that the optimism of college students to establish a new business in the US is the right approach if they have strong networks to develop a business.Chevalier, Calme ´ [37] concluded that entrepreneurial optimism has a strong influence on business performance as it attracts individuals to operate businesses in a successful way for economic advancement.Pathak and Joshi [11] introduced the role of entrepreneurial networking as significant for business success in the context of Chinese college students.Sabila and Febriansyah [22] concluded that business performance can become attractive when entrepreneurial optimism exists.Zhang, Raza [13] concluded that entrepreneurial optimism and psychological capital facilitate entrepreneurs' sustainable business development in the market.Yasmin, Mehmood [17] reported that entrepreneurial intentions can develop a business better when the right approach to business performance is developed.Hence, based on the above overall literature review, the framework of study is shown in Fig 1 .H5. Entrepreneurial optimism moderates the impact of new venture intention on entrepreneurial success.

Methodology
The current study employed a deductive methodology to examine the conceptual connections between variables through the collection of data from a sample of participants.The study's target population comprised business students who were currently enrolled in Chinese government-sector universities.The students of entrepreneurial courses were actual population of the study.This university is considered because it has diversity in students who are enrolled here from more than forty countries.The objective was to evaluate their level of entrepreneurial achievement.To guarantee a comprehensive and unbiased sample, a probability sampling technique based on clusters was utilized.The selection of cluster sampling as a suitable technique was based on its inherent advantages in effectively accessing and representing a heterogeneous population.This approach entails the segmentation of the population into discrete clusters or cohorts, based on a common attribute, such as the academic programs.One of the benefits of utilizing cluster sampling is its practicality and cost-efficiency, as it enables researchers to sample from larger populations by selecting clusters as the primary units of analysis [64].Participants within each selected cluster were chosen using a simple random sampling technique.The process of simple random sampling entails the random selection of individuals from clusters in order to ensure an equitable opportunity for all potential respondents to be included in the study [65].This approach aids in mitigating bias and enhances the probability of attaining a sample that is representative.The process of data collection was conducted by administering a questionnaire that utilized a Likert scale.The Likert scale is a frequently employed instrument in the field of social sciences research for the purpose of gathering self-reported data pertaining to individuals' attitudes, opinions, and perceptions [66] and many recent studies used this techniques for data collection [67,68].The selection of this approach was based on its ability to enable participants to assess and express their degree of concurrence or discordance with a series of statements pertaining to factors contributing to entrepreneurial achievement.The study sought to gather a diverse range of responses and gain valuable insights into the perspectives of the participants through the use of a Likert scale questionnaire.
The questionnaire for this study was developed by adopting scale items from earlier studies.The reliability and validity of the used scale items were determined with "factor loadings" and "Cronbach's alpha."The measurement scale for psychological capital was adapted from the study of Juhdi [57] after checking the validity and reliability of the scale items.The study used these scale items to check the moderating impact of psychological capital on the relationship between entrepreneurial networking and entrepreneurial success.The factor loadings for this psychological capital measurement scale achieved the recommended threshold of Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.70).Meanwhile, the factor loading threshold (factor loadings > 0.60) was also achieved by this adapted measurement scale of the study.Secondly, the measurement scale for entrepreneurial optimism was adapted from the study of Digan, Kaur [58] after checking the validity and reliability of the scale items.This research used these scale items to check the moderating impact of entrepreneurial optimism on the relationship between new venture intention and entrepreneurial success.The factor loadings for this entrepreneurial optimism measurement scale achieved the recommended threshold of Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.70).Furthermore, the factor loading threshold (factor loadings > 0.60) was also achieved by this adapted measurement scale of the study.Thirdly, the measurement scale for new venture intention was adapted from the study of Juhdi [57] after checking the validity and reliability of the scale items.The study used these scale items in this research to check the impact of new venture intention on entrepreneurial success.The factor loadings for this new venture intention measurement scale achieved the recommended threshold of Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.70).
Likewise, the factor loading threshold (factor loadings > 0.60) was also achieved by this adapted measurement scale of the study.Fourthly, the measurement scale for entrepreneurial networking was adapted from the study of Digan, Kaur [58] after checking the validity and reliability of the scale items.Moreover, these scale items in this research check the direct impact of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success.The factor loadings for this entrepreneurial success measurement scale achieved the recommended threshold of Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.70).Importantly, the factor loading thresholds (factor loadings > 0.60) was also achieved by this adapted measurement scale of the study.Lastly, the measurement scale for entrepreneurial success was adapted from the study of Juhdi [57] after checking the validity and reliability of the scale items.The study used these scale items to check the impact of different variables on entrepreneurial success.The factor loadings for this entrepreneurial success measurement scale achieved the recommended threshold of Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.70).Also, the factor loading threshold (factor loadings > 0.60) was achieved by this adapted measurement scale of the study.The sample size of the study was based on the guidelines provided by Krejcie and Morgan [69], as the population to be studied was known.Indeed, the Krejcie and Morgan [69] calculations are used and sample size was 240 accordingly.However, the sample size was doubled to reduce the error in the data collection.Therefore, 483 was the appropriate sample size of the study when data was collected on 600 printed questionnaires.The study employed the Smart PLS software to conduct data analysis using the "measurement model" and "structural model" techniques.These techniques were utilized to assess the influence of direct and moderation hypotheses.

Findings and analysis
The demographic information of the respondents is provided in this section.Out of 483, 211 students were male, and 272 respondents were female.The students were students of the bachelor programs enrolled in entrepreneurial course.These students were from different countries.The local Chinese students were 201 only.Therefore, this sample of the study support the generalization of its findings.

Measurement model
The study used the "measurement model" and "structural model" to obtain the results.Hair, Money, Samouel, and Page [70] explain that measurement models refer to the implicit or explicit models that relate the latent variable to its indicators.Similarly, as Hair et al. [70] explained, the structural models test all the hypothetical dependencies based on path analysis.The measurement model tests include composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and factor loadings.Ringle, Da Silva [71] recommended that "the factor loadings for each scale item must be above 0.60".Hair Jr, Sarstedt [72] recommended that the "CR value for each latent construct should be above 0.70".Meanwhile, Wong [73] suggested that "AVE value should be greater than 0.70 for each construct and Cronbach's alpha should be greater than 0.70".Table 1 of the study depicts the results of the measurement model, and all thresholds are achieved.Hence, the study has validity and reliability in terms of items and findings (Fig 2).
The measurement model findings are further used to check the discriminant validity of the study.Gold, Malhotra [74] recommended: Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) as the appropriate method of determining the discriminant validity of the study".Gold, Malhotra [74] pointed out that the recommended threshold of HTMT < 0.90.Table 2 results demonstrate that there is clear discriminant validity in the study.

Structural model
The structural model results are used to determine the path of the study (see Fig 3 and Table 3).Hair, Money [70] pointed out that "the structural model is the relationship between the latent variables".The recommended threshold for significant relationships is "t > 1.96 and p < 0.05".H1 findings accept the influence of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success.The findings of H1 are (t = 6.565) and (p = 0).Meanwhile, H2 findings accept the influence of new venture intentions on entrepreneurial success.The findings of H2 are (t = 8.710) and (p = 0).H3 findings accept the influence of psychological capital on entrepreneurial success.The findings of H3 are (t = 8.781) and (p = 0).Later, the moderating hypotheses are tested with a structural model, and the results are accepted.H4 findings accept the moderation of psychological capital in the significant connection between entrepreneurial networking and entrepreneurial success.The findings demonstrate that the moderating influence of psychological capital is significant and positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial networking and entrepreneurial success (see Fig 4).The findings of H4 are (t = 5.976) and (p = 0).
H5 findings accept the moderation of entrepreneurial optimism and the significant connection between new venture intention and entrepreneurial success.The findings demonstrate that the moderating influence of entrepreneurial optimism is significant and positively moderates the relationship between new venture intention and entrepreneurial success (see Fig 5).The findings of H5 are (t = 6.026) and (p = 0).

Discussion
The purpose of the study is achieved as the hypotheses of this study are supported by the findings.The findings accept H1 as the influence of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success.The findings of Liu [55] are also similar to the findings of this study, as it has demonstrated that cooperation and information sharing are the best strategies for business success.Juhdi [57] also reported that small ventures should be established with a goal, and proper networking of the management helps to get competition in the market.Digan, Kaur [58] reported that the sustainability of the business is possible with better networking in the target market.Asadollahi, Karimpoor [59] added that reliable business performance is effective when proper relationship development is available in the market.Chen, Elfenbein [45] findings align with this study's findings, as networking in the market is considered a significant factor in improving business performance.Moriano, Gorgievski [75] reported that business performance could be increased with the appropriate development of relationships in the market.Secondly, H2 is accepted as the findings demonstrate the influence of new venture intention on entrepreneurial success.Yeşilkaya and Yıldız [47] also established similar findings and reported that the intention to start a new business has a positive impact on the performance of the business in the market.Casulli [56] reported that effective business management is possible when there is a positive intention to develop the business in the market.The conclusion of Liu [55] significantly relates to this study's results as it has demonstrated that a positive intention for starting a new business is necessary for developing appropriate work in the market.Xu, Kellermanns [39] concluded that the success of small businesses by students is possible when they have the intention of self-independence.
Thirdly, it is accepted that psychological capital substantially influences entrepreneurial success.This relationship is widely discussed in earlier research [7,18], but it was not discussed in the context of Chinese students.Ardelean [10] demonstrated that the significant influence of business performance is reasonable when the entrepreneurs working in the target market have a positive attitude and working behaviour.Similarly, Aderibigbe [26] concluded that the influence of business performance on sustainable business development is possible when the management has psychological capital traits to manage the business.Lyu, Tang [14] likewise investigated that business performance can become successful when strong-minded management takes decisions with effective strategies.Rego, Marques [43] also found that psychological capital facilitates performing tasks in the right way for better results.
Fourthly, H4 is accepted as the findings demonstrated the noteworthy moderation of psychological capital on the impact of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success.Similarly, these findings are valid in light of earlier studies [1,14,43] that discussed the role of psychological capital for entrepreneurial networking.Liao and Cheng [7] pointed out that entrepreneurial networking would be beneficial when reasonable judgments based on rationality are utilized for business performance in the market.Also, Chen, Liu [18] concluded that effective and reasonable venture establishment for economic stability is influenced by better networking in the market, which is the key to successful business operations.Hua, Rasool [76] reported that new business development had become a problem in modern times due to the environmental knowledge of the customers.In addition, Aderibigbe [26] further concluded that entrepreneurial business performance is possible with effective management and the right decision-making by rational management with strong control over nerves in critical situations.
Lastly, H5 is accepted based on the study's findings, which revealed the moderation of entrepreneurial optimism between new venture intention and entrepreneurial success.This relationship is new in the body of knowledge; however, some studies have related findings in the same context [38].Amore, Garofalo [44] reported that entrepreneurial success can be developed with a positive attitude and understanding of the entrepreneurs who start a new business.Chen, Elfenbein [45] pointed out that venture performance can be useful for effectively developing businesses in the market.Still, entrepreneurs should be self-motivated to work in critical situations.The less attention paid to the entrepreneurs, the lower the business performance, which is also problematic for modern businesses [39].Liu [55] asserted that entrepreneurs should have a positive working approach to better develop their businesses in the market.Hence, all the hypotheses of the study are significant and contribute significantly to the body of knowledge.Furthermore, based on these findings, the study has contributed in theory and practice to improving Chinese students' intentions toward entrepreneurial performance.

Conclusion
To conclude, the objective of this research has been achieved, as the empirical findings based on the research data are significant.To address the objective of this research, the findings of the study reveal that the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with the moderating role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism, is significant and positive in direction.The theoretical framework of this research has novelty as it introduces a new relationship in the model of entrepreneurial success that was not reported in theory prior to this research.Based on the empirical data, this study has revealed that current research confirms that entrepreneurial success can be achieved with entrepreneurial networking, entrepreneurial optimism, psychological capital, and new venture intention.The future directions of this research identify further gaps in the literature to be discussed by scholars in future research.This study has underlined the significance of new venture ambition, and parents of Chinese college students who intend to start their own firm should encourage them to do so.Although Chinese students communicate entrepreneurially in the market and possess strong psychological skills to hone their abilities for an alluring performance, sustainable business development is achievable.Business sustainability is important, but Chinese students should also consider the importance of entrepreneurial enthusiasm and be favorably encouraged to lead their entrepreneurial endeavors.

Implications, limitations, and future directions
Theoretically, this study is significant as it contributed new variables to the model of entrepreneurial success.The model of this research is a novel contribution to the literature.Before this research, little was known about the relationship between entrepreneurial variables.Similarly, these variables were not discussed in the earlier research in the context of the entrepreneurial model.Significantly, the study has introduced the impact of entrepreneurial networking as critical for entrepreneurial success.This connection examines fresh literary effects and strengthens the model of entrepreneurship success.The direct relationship between new venture ambitions and entrepreneurial success has also been highlighted by this study.The novel contribution of this study to the body of literature is that past studies did not explore this association.The study has also highlighted the direct and significant influence of psychological capital on entrepreneurship success.Two new moderating associations have been found in the body of knowledge, which is an important finding of the study.The moderating effects of entrepreneurial optimism and psychological capital strengthen the paradigm of successful entrepreneurship.One positive moderating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between entrepreneurial networking and business performance has been shown by the study.
On the other hand, the research has demonstrated a notable moderating relationship between new venture intention and entrepreneurial success on entrepreneurial optimism.Future researchers will carefully examine the relationships between various variables as a result of these moderating linkages because they are significant for the body of knowledge.The model of entrepreneurial success has been improved by the significant direct effects of entrepreneurial networking, psychological capital, and new venture intention as well as the moderating effects of entrepreneurial optimism and psychological capital.This study is crucial since it showed that a variety of characteristics can contribute to entrepreneurial success.To start, recent study has shown that students who have stronger entrepreneurial networking are significantly improving the performance of their new ventures.In fact, psychological capitalwhich includes emotional intelligence, rational decision-making, and stress management abilities-can boost a company's success.The significance of new venture ambitions has been underlined by this study, and Chinese college students who intend to start their own firm should receive encouragement and assistance from their parents.When Chinese students have strong psychological talents to enhance their abilities for alluring performances and entrepreneurial networking in the market, sustainable company development is conceivable.Business sustainability is important, but Chinese students should also think about the importance of entrepreneurial optimism and should be inspired to take the helm of their own businesses.In a similar vein, this study showed that Chinese students need receive social support and should build positive networks in the marketplace to obtain pertinent information about the goods and services.When entrepreneurs make the right strategic and development decisions to make their businesses competitive in the market, the goods and services of new entrepreneurial ventures can become leaders in the industry.
Business students in China should be motivated and provided more opportunities in the market to develop a sustainable relationship with the industrial section to improve business performance.Although the current research's proposed objective is achieved by its findings, and there is a significant contribution of a research framework in the literature, this study has some limitations that future scholars should address.Firstly, this study has shown the significant impact of entrepreneurial networking on entrepreneurial success, but it has not demonstrated the factors that are useful for entrepreneurial networking.In the future, scholars should determine the impact of technology and communication on entrepreneurial networking, as substantial findings would significantly contribute to the literature because this area is still unaddressed by research.Secondly, this research has introduced the significant impact of new venture intentions on entrepreneurial success.Still, it has not addressed the factors that are influencing the new venture intentions of Chinese students.The scholars are required to investigate the impact of self-independence on new venture intentions, and the sample of the study should be students of Chinese universities and colleges.Similarly, scholars should investigate the mediating impact of financial support on new venture intentions and entrepreneurial success.Finally, this research has significantly introduced the moderating role of entrepreneurial optimism and psychological capital.The scholars should design future research to determine the impact of further moderating relationships that are not discussed earlier in the literature.